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Jerusalem Talmud
The Jerusalem Talmud (, ''Talmud Yerushalmi'', often ''Yerushalmi'' for short), also known as the Palestinian Talmud or ''Talmuda de-Eretz Yisrael'' (Talmud of the Land of Israel), is a collection of Rabbinic notes on the 2nd-century Jewish oral tradition known as the Mishnah. These latter names are considered more accurate by some because, while the work was certainly composed in "the West" (i.e. the Holy Land), it originates from the Galilee area rather than from Jerusalem.〔Lawrence H. Schiffman,(''From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism'' ), KTAV Publishers 1991 p.227, Quote: "Although it is popularly known as the Jerusalem Talmud (Talmud Yerushalmi), a more accurate name for this text is either "Palestinian Talmud" or "Talmud of the Land of Israel." Indeed, for most of the amoraic age, under both Rome and Byzantium, Jews were prohibited from living in the holy city, and the centers of Jewish population had shifted northwards... The Palestinian Talmud emerged primarily from the activity of the sages of Tiberias and Sepphoris, with some input, perhaps entire tractates, from the sages of the "south" (Lydda, modern Lod) and the coastal plain, most notably Caesarea."〕 The Jerusalem Talmud was compiled in the Land of Israel during the 4th-5th centuries CE, then divided between the Byzantine provinces of Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda. The Jerusalem Talmud predates its counterpart, the Babylonian Talmud (also known as the ''Talmud Bavli''), by about 200 years and is written in both Hebrew and Jewish Palestinian Aramaic.
The word ''Talmud'' itself is often defined as "instruction". The Jerusalem Talmud includes the core component, the Mishna, finalized by Rabbi Judah the Prince (c. 200 CE), along with the written discussions of generations of rabbis in the Land of Israel (primarily in the academies of Tiberias and Caesarea) which was compiled c. 350-400 CE into a series of books that became the Gemara (; from ''gamar'': Hebrew "() complete"; Aramaic "() study"). The Gemara, when combined with the Mishnah, constitutes the Talmud.
There are two recensions of the Gemara, one compiled by the scholars of the Land of Israel and the other by those of Babylonia (primarily in the academies of Sura and Pumbedita, completed c. 500 CE). The Babylonian Talmud is often seen as more authoritative and is studied much more than the Jerusalem Talmud. In general, the terms "Gemara" or "Talmud," without further qualification, refer to the Babylonian recension.
== Historical context ==
Following the redaction of the Mishnah, many Jewish scholars living in Roman-controlled Syria Palæstina moved to Persia to escape the harsh decrees against Jews enacted by the emperor Hadrian after the Bar Kokhba revolt. The remaining scholars who lived in the Galilee area decided to continue their teaching activity in the learning centers that had existed since Mishnaic times.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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